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论罪刑法定原则/程慧

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-06 21:42:56  浏览:9981   来源:法律资料网
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论罪刑法定原则

程慧


[摘要] 罪刑法定原则是我国刑法所确立的基本原则,罪刑法定原则是启蒙思想家反对封建专制刑法的产物,起源于著名的英国大宪章,而法国刑法典被认为是罪刑法定原则的直接渊源。最后指出了现阶段我国适用该原则需注意的一些问题,希望今后有关人员在刑法罪刑法定原则的适用取舍与完善的问题上有更多新颖合理观点的提出。
[关键词] 罪刑法定原则 基本内容 人权 刑法权
我国于1997年10月1日开始实行的《中华人民共和国刑法》中第3 条规定: “法律明文规定为犯罪行为的,依照法律定罪处罚; 法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的, 不得定罪处罚”,这就是我国刑法所确定的三大基本原则中的罪刑法定原则。
一、罪刑法定原则的理论基础
罪刑法定原则的理论基础十分丰富与精深,它是启蒙思想家反对封建专制刑法的产物,其理论基础在于三大原则:
1.启蒙自由主义。洛克认为,人们原本生活在自然状态中,在这种状态之下人于人之间是自由平等的关系,根据自然法他们享有人生自由权和财产权,同时也不能侵犯他人的这些权利。但每个人的这种权利会受到他人侵犯。因此就需要制定一定的法律规范来保障他们享有的各种权利,为罪刑法定原则提供了根本的思想理论基础。
2.三权分立说。孟德斯鸠认为,立法、行政、司法应该分立开来,各自行使自己的权力,不受其他机关的干扰。三权分立,使法官成为机械的适用法律的工具,从而限制了法官解释法律。这样既保障了人权自由,同时也避免了法官的擅断,对罪刑法定原则的发展起了促进作用。
3.心理强制说。近代刑法学大师费尔巴哈认为,所有违法行为的根源都在于趋向犯罪行为的精神动向,动机形成源,它驱使人们违背法律,因此应建立制止犯罪的第一防线——道德教育;第二防线——求助于心理强制,从而达到预防犯罪的发生。
二、罪刑法定原则的内容
罪刑法定原则(也称罪刑法定主义)在近现代已成为一项世界公认的刑法基本原则。罪刑法定的基本含义是“法无明文规定不为罪,法无明文规定不处罚”。随着社会的不断发展,我国刑法学的罪刑法定原则的不断向前发展,经历了从不实行到相对实行,由相对实行到绝对实行。罪刑法定原则本身也发生了许多微妙的变化,日益紧随时代的进步而演绎出新的含义,目前,主要说来,它包括以下几个方面:
(一)成文法的明确性
刑法法律的制定必须条文规范明确。法律是肯定的、明确的、普遍的规范,在这些规范中自由的存在具有普遍的、理性的、不取决于个别人的任性的性质。明确性要求立法者必须具体的明确规定刑罚法规,以预先告之人们成为被惩罚的对象的行为。
(二)刑罚适当性
刑法适当性,又称作适当处罚性,即指刑罚法规规定的犯罪和刑罚都应该被认为适当,这是针对法规内容而言的。刑法规定的适当,对某一行为作为犯罪规定刑罚有合理的根据。刑罚规定的犯罪,应顺合以行为时确实是否需要刑罚处罚的刑法为前提。
(三)禁止适用事后法
禁止适用事后法即不允许在法律规范施行后对法规施行前的犯罪行为予以处罚,又称为“刑法无溯及效力”。法无溯及既往效力,从而符合了“不知者无罪”这一俗语。罪刑法定原则要求必须预告由法律规定犯罪与刑罚并公之于众,以便人们所遵守,但随着刑法的不断完善,其溯及力的确定多为采用从旧兼从轻原则,即在新法为轻的情况下刑法具有溯及力,这是保障人权的要求,也有利于维护社会的稳定和刑法的权威与统一性,实现刑法预防犯罪的目的。
(四)绝对禁止或排斥类推适用
类推推理是把刑法中没有明文规定为犯罪的事项,比照刑法中最类似的事项加以解释的方法。在罪刑法定原则下,类推解释将法律没有明文规定的内容“解释”进去是与罪刑法定原则的基本精神相斥的,所以罪刑法定原则使得刑法的适用禁止类推推理,但刑法又是不断与时俱进的法律规范,在禁止类推适用的范畴内发生了些许微妙的变化,即从完全否定类推到容许有限制的类推适用,即在有利于被告人场合容许类推适用,这也是罪刑法定原则的一重大进步。
(五)绝对禁止不定期刑,实行绝对确定的法定刑
随着时代发展,社会变迁,刑法学说的进化,绝对罪刑法定的学说在刑事立法和刑事司法中不断得到修正。绝对确定的刑种和刑期,会使法官只根据法条而不顾具体犯罪的社会危害程度和犯罪人的社会危害程度判处相应的刑罚,不利于刑罚的正确适用。若刑法中存在没有规定刑期的自由刑,罪犯服刑期长短的权利完全由行刑机关掌握,这会丧失刑法保障人权的机能。所以法定刑或宣告刑都不允许绝对的不定期刑。因而从根本上应确立相对不定刑期,给予法官一定的自由裁量权,让其考虑每一个案件的具体情况裁量刑罚,从而不偏斥于罪刑法定原则的内涵与本质。
(六)排斥习惯法的适用
刑罚仅仅只能依据成文法规,刑罚的根据只在于成文法,而不依据习惯,道德,风俗,民间法来决定。这是“法无明文规定不为罪”的当然结论。
三、我国罪刑法定原则的现实理论依据
(一)社会主义民主要求实行罪刑法定原则
民主是法治的前提与基础, 法治是民主的体现与保障。在历史与现实中, 没有无民主的法治, 也没有无法治的民主, 法所反映的应当是人民的公共意志, 由人民掌握主权的国家制定的, 是人民自己意志的记录。我国人民代表大会制度, 刑法即是由人民选举的代表组成人民代表大会及其常务委员会来制定。由司法工作人员执行、司法工作人员执行刑法的过程, 就是实现人民群众意志的过程,那么对于何为犯罪及如何处置犯罪必须由法律作出明确的规定,从而保证人民意志的实施贯彻,那么这也要求司法工作人员不能对刑法作不合理的任意解释。
(二)实行罪刑法定原则是尊重人权的要求
行为人只有实施刑法规定的犯罪时才应受处罚, 并且只能在刑法规定的范围内处罚的实质是注重平等地保护人权。为了保障人权, 既不致阻碍公民的行为自由, 又不致使公民产生不安感, 就要使公民事先能够预测自己行为的性质与后果。因此, 刑法中应对什么是犯罪, 对犯罪应处以何种程度的刑罚必须事前作出明文规定。
(三)保障社会的安宁要求实行罪刑法定原则
罪刑法定原则使公民对于什么是犯罪,如何处置犯罪都有了一个非常明确的认识,继而保障了其在现实生活中对犯罪及罪犯的远离排斥,使得人们及整个社会实现长治久安有了国家强制力为保证。所以,公民要求有安宁的生活,就得遵守国家事先指定的各种行为规则, 依据行为规则生活既是公民的期待, 又是使社会安宁的必备原则。
四、我国刑法的罪刑法定原则的价值内涵与取向
随着我国改革开放的进一步深化和市场经济的不断发展,个人的主体意识和权利意识也随之进一步增强,人民需要罪刑法定,法治社会呼唤罪刑法定。因此,新刑法在第三条中庄严宣告了这一基本原则——“法律明文规定为犯罪行为的,依照法律定罪处罚;法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的,不得定罪处罚。”这是一条有着中国特色的刑法规则。
我国的罪刑法定原则有两个基本方面,第一个方面是其积极侧面,就是对一切犯罪行为都要严格地适用刑罚权加以惩罚, 做到有法必依, 执法必严, 违法必究, 其基本精神是严肃执法, 惩罚犯罪, 保护人民, 强调的是刑法惩罚犯罪的积极扩张的机能。第二个方面是消极侧面,其基本含义是“法无明文规定不为罪, 法无明文规定不处罚”。这两个方面的基本精神都是防止国家刑罚权的滥用, 以保障人权。从这个意义上讲,正确适用刑罚权,惩罚犯罪,保护人民,这是第一位的;防止刑罚权的滥用,以保障人权,这是第二位的。
我国的罪刑法定原则其价值导向是体现着政治国家的“社会保护”和“个人权利保护”价值理念兼顾。这是由我国的民主与法治逻辑和理论前提决定的——我国的法律包括刑法是建立在马克思主义法学理论基础上的。
从上述的罪刑法定原则的产生背景及价值内涵来分析, 刑事立法者在刑事立法中所确定的罪刑法定原则应具有下列价值取向: 第一, 罪刑法定原则价值内涵限制社会本位和权力本位的价值取向。罪刑法定原则的首要目的就是为了预防和惩罚犯罪,保护人民。“法不禁止皆自由”是近年来我国法理学界积极倡导的理念。第二,罪刑法定原则价值内涵体现刑法的谦抑精神, 罪刑法定原则与刑法谦抑精神是相互沟通与调剂的。刑法谦抑精神包含刑法的补充性、片断性和宽容性。社会生活中的犯罪形态是多种多样的,而且是随着时代的不断前进而不断变化的,所以刑法不可能把全部的犯罪都囊括在现有的条条框框内,这就需要刑法具有补充性、片断性和宽容性,从而达到刑法预防犯罪的作用。一方面要求刑事处罚有必要和合理的根据, 禁止处罚不正当和无必要处罚的行为。另一方面就相对化而言, 就是实现严格规则和自由裁量的结合。
五、罪刑法定的一些具体应用
现今社会上有一种普遍的“亚道德”现象。社会学上所谓的“亚道德”(又称“次道德”),是一种处于道德与不道德间的“道德”,是指违法者在实施不法行为中遵守“职业道德”,尽量给社会和他人减少损失。这里就用罪刑法定原则和犯罪构成理论来分析一下这种“亚道德”行为的法律性质。
罪刑法定原则是刑法规定的首要的基本原则,其背后蕴涵的的法律价值是打击犯罪,保障社会的公共利益和其他个人利益,进而维护良性的社会秩序。根据犯罪构成理念,当某种行为符合特定的犯罪构成,且不存在阻却罪名成立的法定事由,理应依法定罪处罚而没有任何回旋的余地。现在,以某领导为了扶贫而受贿为例来分析一下。刑法规定,受贿罪是指国家工作人员利用职务上的便利,索取他人财物的,或非法收受他人财物为他人谋取利益的行为。从刑法对受贿罪的界定看,受贿罪的客观方面表现为利用职务上的便利索取他人财物,或非法收受他人财物为他人谋取利益的行为。从主观方面看,受贿罪只能是故意,包括直接故意和间接故意,即主观上具有接受贿赂的意图。受贿罪的主体是国家工作人员。
无论是为了扶贫还是为了更高尚的理由而受贿,只要符合受贿罪的法定构成要件,理应定罪处罚。罪刑法定原则的一个派生原则是刑法内在地排斥习惯法和刑法之外的道德标准的适用;“亚道德”作为法律之外的道德标准显然不能代替僭越行为的刑法评价。因此,依据罪刑法定原则和犯罪构成理论,即便是动机高尚的犯罪行为这种“亚道德”行为,只要符合犯罪的构成要件理应成立犯罪。
六、我国刑法有关罪刑法定原则的主要问题
第一,刑事法律要遏制的不是犯罪人,而是国家。也就是说,尽管刑法规范的是犯罪及其刑罚,但它针对的对象却是国家。这就是罪刑法定主义的实质,也是它的全部内容。” 我国刑法典第3 条从积极和消极两个方面对罪刑法定原则进行表述,是积极的罪刑法定原则和消极的罪刑法定原则的统一。这样在价值取向上,正确运用刑罚权惩罚犯罪,保护人民,这是第一位的;而防止刑罚权的滥用以保障人权,则是第二位的。这显然不符合罪刑法定原则应然的价值取向,有悖于世界各国对这一原则表述方式的惯例。
第二,刑法典第3 条造成了刑法和刑事诉讼法的不协调的局面。“法律明文规定为犯罪行为的,依照法律定罪处罚。”这就表明立法者要求对于触犯刑法明文规定的犯罪行为,一律得依照法律规定定罪处刑,而不得考虑到其他情况加以例外。即,行为符合刑法的规定是对行为人定罪处刑的充分条件。而我国刑事诉讼法第15 条规定:“有下列情形之一的,不追究刑事责任,已经追究的,应当撤销案件,或者不起诉,或者终止审理,或者宣告无罪: ……,即法律规定犯罪只是处罚行为的必要条件。刑事法的实体法和程序法出现不衔接的地方,破坏了整个法律体系的统一性。
第三,我国刑法第3 条规定了罪刑法定原则,而罪刑法定原则的必备内容——“刑法效力不溯及既往”却不能从我国刑法典第3 条中找到,所以立法者应重视这个问题并加以解决,在刑法规范中使我国刑法罪刑法定原则的内容完整而连贯。
第四,从积极和消极两个方面表述罪刑法定原则,除了在价值取向上存有问题,也违背了立法的简约性原则。刑法典毕竟不同于刑法教科书,讲求规范的有限度性和简明性。
另外,在司法过程中,有关人员对刑法与刑罚的适用也有许多与罪刑法定原则想背离或冲突的地方。我认为,解决这一矛盾,应在不断完善刑法立法的基础上,注意以下两点:(1)“两高”的司法解释应加强统一规范,不应因利益的冲突而导致法律解释的不一;更重要的是对法律规定不甚明确的,应以罪刑法定原则为指导,作出符合立法精神的解释。(2) 合理使用自由裁量权。“情节严重”、“其他方法”等刑法规定,赋予了执法者一定的自由裁量权。出入人罪往往在罪与非罪界线模糊时发生。因此须慎用这一自由裁量权, 依法保障被告人、犯罪嫌疑人合法权益。
七、结论
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MERCHANT SHIPPING (LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 414)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  ertificate as to parties to Conventions
  alculation of tonnage
  
  II    LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION AND COMPULSORY INSURANCE
  nterpretation of Part II
  iability for oil pollution
  xceptions from liability under section 6
  estriction of liability for oil pollution
  imitation of liability under section 6
  Limitation actions
  Restriction on enforcement of claims after establishment of
limitation
  fund
  Concurrent liabilities of owners and others
  Establishment of limitation fund outside Hong Kong
  Extinguishment of claims under Part II
  Compulsory insurance against liability for oil pollution
  Issue of certificate by Director
  Rights of third parties against insurers
  Jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts and registration of foreign
judgments
  Warships, etc.
  Liability for cost of preventive measures where section 6 does
not
  apply
  Saving for recourse actions
  
  III   THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND
  Interpretation of Part III
  Contributions to the Fund
  Power to obtain information
  Liability of the Fund for pollution damage
  Indemnification of ship owner where ship registered in Fund
Convention
  country
  Effect of judgments
  Extinguishment of claims under Part III
  Subrogation and rights of recourse
  
  IV    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by bodies corporate
  Fees
  Amendments, Savings and Repeals
  
  dule 1. Overall limit on liability of Fund
  dule 2. (Omitted)
  
  rdinance to provide for compensation for pollution caused 
by the
  harge or escape of oil from oil-carrying ships and for the 
liability
  hipowners; for compulsory insurance in respect of such liability; 
for
  ributions by oil importers and others to the International 
Fund for
  ensation for Oil Pollution Damage; for the liability of the 
Fund in
  ain circumstances for such pollution; for the 
indemnification of
  owners by the Fund; and for incidental or related matters.
  January 1991] L. N. 13 of 1991
 PART I Preliminary
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping 
(Liability and
  ensation for Oil Pollution) Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  t" includes expenses;
  ntry" includes any territory;
  rt" means the High Court or a judge thereof;
  age" includes loss;
  ector" means the Director of Marine;
  d Convention" means the International Convention on the 
establishment
  n International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 
opened
  signature in Brussels on 18 December 1971;
  g Kong ship" means a ship registered in Hong Kong;
  bility Convention" means the International Convention 
on  Civil
  ility for Oil Pollution Damage opened for signature in Brussels
on 29
  mber 1969;
  er", in relation to a ship, means the person or persons registered 
as
  owner of the ship or, in the absence of registration, the 
person or
  ons owning the ship, except that in relation to a ship owned 
by a
  e which is operated by a person registered as the ship's operator, 
it
  s the person registered as its operator; (Amended 74 of 1990 s.
104
  
  lution damage" means damage caused outside a ship carrying 
oil by
  amination resulting from the discharge or escape of oil from the
ship,
  ever the discharge or escape may occur, and includes the 
cost of
  entive measures and damage caused by preventive measures;
  ventive measures" means any reasonable measures taken by any 
person
  r a discharge or escape of oil from a ship to prevent or 
reduce
  ution damage;
  p" means any sea-going vessel or seaborne craft of 
any  type
  soever, carrying oil in bulk as cargo;
  cial drawing rights" means units of account used by the 
International
  tary Fund and known as special drawing rights;
  minal installation" means any site for the storage of oil in 
bulk
  h is capable of receiving oil from waterborne 
transportation,
  uding any facility situated offshore and linked to any such site.
  For the purposes of this Ordinance, where more than one 
discharge or
  pe results from the same occurrence or from a series of 
occurrences
  ng the same origin, they shall be treated as one; but any 
measures
  n after the first of them shall be deemed to have been taken after
the
  harge or escape.
  References in this Ordinance to the area of any country include 
the
  itorial sea of that country.
  
  ertificate as to parties to Conventions
  rtificate signed by the Governor and certifying that a State
specified
  he certificate--
  is a party to the Liability Convention in respect of a 
country
  ified in the certificate; or
  is a party to the Fund Convention in respect of a country specified
in
  certificate,
  l be conclusive evidence of the matters contained therein and
shall in
  legal proceedings under this Ordinance to which it 
relates be
  ssible on its production and without further proof.
  alculation of tonnage
  the purposes of this Ordinance, the tonnage of a ship 
shall be
  rtained as follows--
  where the register tonnage of the ship has been or can be 
ascertained
  ccordance with the Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulations 
(App. I,
  , the ship's tonnage shall be the register tonnage of the ship 
as so
  rtained but without making any deduction required by those
regulations
  ny tonnage allowance for propelling machinery space;
  where the ship is of a class or description with respect to which 
no
  ision is for the time being made by the Merchant Shipping 
(Tonnage)
  lations, the tonnage of the ship shall be taken to be 40% 
of the
  ht (expressed in tons of 2 240 lbs) of oil which the ship is 
capable
  arrying;
  where the tonnage of the ship can not be ascertained in 
accordance
  either paragraph (a) or (b), the Director shall, if so directed 
by
  court in any proceedings, certify what, on the evidence 
specified in
  direction, would in his opinion be the tonnage of the 
ship as
  rtained in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b), as the case may 
be,
  he ship could be duly measured for the purpose; and the tonnage
stated
  is certificate shall be taken to be the tonnage of the ship.
 PART II LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION AND COMPULSORY INSURANCE
  
  nterpretation of Part II
  In this Part--
  bility Convention country" means a country in respect of 
which the
  ility Convention is in force; and
  bility Convention State" means a State which is a party 
to the
  ility Convention.
  In relation to any pollution damage resulting from the 
discharge or
  pe of any oil carried in a ship references in this Part to the 
owner
  he ship are references to the owner at the time of the 
occurrence
  lting in the discharge or escape or, if there is more than one 
such
  rrence, at the time of the first of such occurrences.
  References in this Part to the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 (1979
c. 39
  .) are references to that Act as it applies in Hong Kong.
  
  iability for oil pollution
  Where, as a result of any occurrence taking place while a 
ship is
  ying a cargo of persistent oil in bulk, any persistent oil carried 
by
  ship (whether as part of the cargo or otherwise) is 
discharged or
  pes from the ship, the owner of the ship shall be liable, except 
as
  rwise provided by this Ordinance, for any pollution damage 
caused in
  Kong.
  Where--
  a liability arises under subsection (1); and
  the discharge or escape by reason of which the liability arose 
also
  lts in pollution damage in the area of a Liability Convention 
country
  r than Hong Kong, the owner of the ship concerned shall also be
liable
  r subsection (1) for that damage as if the damage had occurred
in Hong
  .
  Where persistent oil is discharged or escapes from 2 or more 
ships
  -
  a liability is incurred under this section by the owner of 
each of
  ; but
  the pollution damage for which each of the owners would, apart 
from
  subsection, be liable cannot reasonably be separated from that 
for
  h the other or others would be liable,
  of the owners shall be liable, jointly with the other or others, 
for
  whole of that damage for which the owners together would be 
liable
  r this section.
  Section 21 of the Law Amendment and Reform (Consolidation)
Ordinance
  . 23) shall apply in relation to any pollution damage for 
which a
  on is liable under this section, but which is not due to his fault,
as
  t were due to his fault.
  xceptions from liability under section 6
  owner of a ship from which persistent oil has been discharged or 
has
  ped shall not incur any liability under section 6 if he proves 
that
  discharge or escape--
  resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, 
insurrection or
  xceptional, inevitable and irresistible natural phenomenon; or
  was due wholly to anything done or left undone by another person, 
not
  g a servant or agent of the owner, with intent to do damage; or
  was due wholly to the negligence or wrongful act of a 
government or
  r authority in exercising its function of maintaining lights or 
other
  gational aids for the maintenance of which it was responsible.
  estriction of liability for oil pollution
  e, as a result of any occurrence taking place while a ship is
carrying
  rgo of persistent oil in bulk, any persistent oil carried by the
ship
  ther as part of the cargo or otherwise) is discharged or escapes
then,
  her or not the owner incurs a liability under section 6,--
  he shall not be liable otherwise than under that section for any 
such
  ution damage as is mentioned therein; and
  no servant or agent of the owner and no person performing 
salvage
  ations with the agreement of the owner shall be liable for any 
such
  ge.
  
  imitation of liability under section 6
  e the owner of a ship incurs a liability under section 6 by reason 
of
  scharge or escape which occurred without his actual fault or 
privity,
  ay limit that liability in accordance with this Ordinance, and 
if he
  so his liability (that is to say, the aggregate of his 
liabilities
  r section 6 resulting from the discharge or escape) shall not
exceed--
  133 special drawing rights for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
or
  14,000,000 special drawing rights, whichever amount is the less.
  
  Limitation actions
  Where the owner of a ship has or is alleged to have 
incurred a
  ility under section 6 he may apply to the court in accordance 
with
  s of court for the limitation of that liability to 
an amount
  rmined in accordance with section 9.
  If on such an application the court finds that the 
applicant has
  rred such a liability and is entitled to limit it, the court 
shall
  rmine the limit of the liability and direct payment into court
of the
  nt of that limit, and shall then
  determine the amounts that would, apart from the limit, be 
due in
  ect of the liability to the several persons making claims 
in the
  eedings under this section; and
  direct the distribution of the amount paid into court (or, as the
case
  be, so much of it as does not exceed the liability) among 
those
  ons in proportion to their claims subject to the following 
provisions
  his section.
  A payment into court of the amount of a limit determined under 
this
  ion shall be made in Hong Kong dollars and--
  for the purposes of converting such an amount from special 
drawing
  ts into Hong Kong dollars the Monetary Authority may certify, in 
Hong
  dollars, the respective amounts which are to be taken as 
equivalent
  a particular day to the sums expressed in special drawing 
rights in
  ion 9;
  a certificate signed by or on behalf of the Monetary Authority 
under
  graph (a) shall be conclusive evidence of the matters 
contained
  ein and shall in legal proceedings under this Ordinance to 
which it
  tes be admissible on its production and without further proof.
  nded 82 of 1992 s. 44)
  No claim shall be made in proceedings under this section except
within
  time as the court may direct or such further time as the court 
may
  w.
  Where any sum has been paid in or towards satisfaction of any claim
in
  ect of the pollution damage to which the liability referred 
to in
  ection (1) extends--
  by the owner or the person referred to in section 17 as "the
insurer";
  
  by a person who has or is alleged to have incurred a 
liability,
  rwise than under section 6, for that damage and who is 
entitled to
  t his liability in connection with the ship by virtue of the 
Merchant
  ping Act 1979 (1979 c. 39 U. K.), the person who paid the sum 
shall,
  he extent of that sum, be in the same position with respect to 
any
  ribution made in proceedings under this section as the person to 
whom
  as paid would, apart from this subsection, have been, 
and the
  ribution shall be made accordingly.
  Where the owner who incurred the liability referred to in
subsection
  has voluntarily made any reasonable sacrifice or taken 
any other
  onable measures to prevent or reduce pollution damage to 
which the
  ility extends or might have extended he shall be in the same 
position
  respect to any distribution made in proceedings under this
section as
  e had established a claim in respect of the liability for an 
amount
  l to the cost of the sacrifice or other measures, and the
distribution
  l be made accordingly.
  The court may, if it thinks fit, postpone the distribution of 
such
  of the amount to be distributed as it deems appropriate having
regard
  ny claims that may later be established before a court outside 
Hong
  .
  
  Restriction on enforcement of claims after establishment of
limitation
  
  e the court has found that a person who has incurred a liability
under
  ion 6 is entitled to limit that liability to any amount and 
he has
  into court a sum not less than that amount--
  the court shall order the release of any ship or other 
property
  sted in connection with a claim in respect of that liability or 
any
  rity given to prevent or obtain release from such an arrest; and
  no judgment or decree for any such claim shall be enforced, except 
so
  as it is for costs,
  sum paid into court, or such part thereof as corresponds to the
claim,
  be actually available to the claimant or would have been available
to
  if the proper steps in the proceedings under section 10 
had been
  n.
  Concurrent liabilities of owners and others
  e, as a result of any discharge or escape of persistent oil 
from a
  , he owner of the ship incurs a liability under section 6 and 
any
  r person incurs a liability, otherwise than under that section, 
for
  such pollution damage as is mentioned in subsection (1) 
of that
  ion, then, if--
  the owner has been found, in proceedings under section 10, 
to be
  tled to limit his liability to any amount and has paid into 
court a
  not less than that amount; and
  the other person is entitled to limit his liability in connection
with
  ship by virtue of the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 (1979 c. 39 U. 
K.),
  roceedings shall be taken against the other person in respect of 
his
  ility, and if any such proceedings were commenced before the 
owner
  the sum into court, no further steps shall be taken 
in the
  eedings except in relation to costs.
  Establishment of limitation fund outside Hong Kong
  e the events resulting in the liability of any person under
section 6
  result in a corresponding liability under the law of a 
Liability
  ention country other than Hong Kong, sections 11 and 12 shall
apply as
  he references to sections 6 and 10 included references 
to the
  esponding provisions of that law and the references to sums paid 
into
  t included references to any sums secured under those 
provisions in
  ect of the liability.
  Extinguishment of claims under Part II
  ction to enforce a claim in respect of a liability incurred 
under
  ion 6 shall be brought in any court in Hong Kong unless the action 
is
  enced not later than 3 years after the claim arose and not later 
than
  ars after the occurrence or, if there is more than 
one such
  rrence, the first of such occurrences resulting in the 
discharge or
  pe by reason of which the liability was incurred.
  
  Compulsory insurance against liability for oil pollution
  Subject to section 19, subsection (2) applies to any ship carrying 
in
  a cargo of more than 2,000 tons of persistent oil as 
defined in
  lations made under this section.
  A ship to which this subsection applies shall not enter or leave--
  the waters of Hong Kong; or
  if the ship is a Hong Kong ship, a port in any other country 
or a
  inal installation in the territorial sea of any other country, 
unless
  e is in force a certificate complying with subsection 
(4) and
  ifying that there is in force in respect of the ship a 
contract of
  rance or other security satisfying the requirements of Article

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第六届全国人民代表大会财政经济委员会主任委员、副主任委员、委员名单(14人)

全国人民代表大会常务委员会


第六届全国人民代表大会财政经济委员会主任委员、副主任委员、委员名单(14人)

(1983年6月7日第六届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过)

主任委员
  王任重
副主任委员
  吴 波  叶 林  韩哲一  古耕虞
  刘念智
委员(按姓名笔划排列)
  牛荫冠  杜润生  张 珍  侯学煜
  钱 敏  徐运北  梅 行  薛暮桥





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